Hawai‘i Coral Restoration Nursery
Hawai‘i Coral Restoration Nursery
The Hawaiʻi Coral Restoration Nursery (HCRN) is located at DAR’s Ānuenue Fisheries Research Center (AFRC) on Sand Island, O‘ahu, and is part of an innovative State of Hawaiʻi driven approach towards mitigating both planned (coastal development and dredging activities) and unplanned (vessel groundings and pollution spills) impact events on Hawaiian coral reefs. The HCRN uses small corals to rapidly grow large coral colonies at a land-based coral nursery which are then outplanted to damaged and degraded reefs. More information about the HCRN’s fast-growth process, including sourcing corals, grow-out, and outplanting can be found in the links below.
To protect the biodiversity of Hawaiian corals from the threat of extinction, the HCRN also houses part of the Rare Hawaiian Coral Ark, a multi-agency effort started at the HCRN in 2015, which preserves a live repository of rare, uncommon, and endemic Hawaiian coral species. In the event that a rare Hawaiian coral species goes extinct in the wild, the HCRN has the ability to grow representatives of that species held in the Ark and reintroduce them back into their native habitat. More information about the HCRN’s Rare Hawaiian Coral Ark can be found below.
Coral restoration in Hawaiʻi presents several unique challenges. Due to geographic isolation, Hawai‘i has one of the highest rates of endemism of any ecosystem worldwide; this includes both corals and coral reef-associated organisms such as fish, invertebrates, and limu (algae). This means that much of this incredible marine life cannot be found anywhere else in the world. Additionally, compared to many other reef systems in the world, Hawaiʻi has some of the slowest growing corals, with most reef-building corals growing 1 – 2 cm per year, compared to 10 – 20 cm per year in the South Pacific and the Caribbean. These challenges highlight why coral restoration is incredibly important as bleaching events, vessel groundings, coastal development, pollution, and climate change all pose serious threats to the coral reef community.
Because coral reefs host many unique organisms, coral restoration demands a high level of knowledge about coral reef ecology and professional coral husbandry. For these reasons, and in compliance with laws governing Hawaiian corals as a natural resource, the HCRN adheres to protocols developed through years of experience studying, growing, and restoring Hawaiian reefs. The HCRN focuses on growing large corals, between 40 – 100 cm. Larger coral colonies provide far more ecological services and functions on a reef than small coral colonies, such as:
- Increased habitat for fish and invertebrates
- Greater reduction in wave energy
- Higher rates of reproduction
- Higher chance of withstanding stressful events, such as increasing water temperatures or predation
To minimize the impact to natural reefs, the HCRN prioritizes collecting corals from areas of lower ecological value, such as harbors. If certain coral species cannot be found in harbors, the HCRN targets loose or damaged corals. Often called “corals of opportunity”, these include corals that have been damaged from storms, boat grounding, or anchor damage. Corals that are loose or from a harbor contribute little to ecosystem services such as coastal protection, sand production, and tourism attraction, and therefore have a lower ecological value. By collecting these corals, quickly growing them to a much larger size, and outplanting them onto a degraded reef, the HCRN is able to vastly increase the ecological value those corals provide.
Collecting corals from harbors doesn’t come without risks. Due to the polluted nature of harbors, these corals may have a higher chance of containing heavy metals deep within their skeletons, harbor-associated diseases, or aquatic invasive species (AIS). To mitigate these risks, the HCRN follows strict quarantine and health assessment procedures for all corals entering and exiting the nursery.
Coral colonies collected for module production must meet the following requirements:
- Must be a native Hawaiian coral species
- Healthy tissue coloration and polyp extension
- Absence of visible tissue recession, disease, or recent death
- Absence of excessive algal growth
- Minimal or absence of visible AIS
- Minimal or absence of visible micropredators on colony
- Be at least 10 cm in size
Corals that meet these requirements are carefully dislodged from the substrate by HCRN staff using various tools. The process is photographed and cataloged in the HCRN database to maintain a chain-of-custody for every coral collected.
Immediately after collection, coral colonies are placed in designated quarantine tanks and are closely monitored for health concerns. While in quarantine, HCRN staff check corals daily for disease, AIS, micropredators, and other indicators of poor coral health. Once the corals have been quarantined for at least 30 days with no health issues, the corals are moved out of the quarantine area. If at any point a health issue is observed on a coral in quarantine, the 30-day quarantine period is restarted. This process allows for acclimation to the nursery setting and reduces the risk of disease, AIS, or micropredators within the nursery itself and onto a potential restoration site.
Treatment
When corals are subjected to stressful events, they are more likely to contract infections or lose tissue. The process of collection and transport from the field into the nursery is a stressful process, and to minimize the stress during these events, the HCRN uses a variety of coral-safe treatments to boost coral health and combat commonly found infections. For example, corals may be dipped in a water bath containing diluted Lugol’s Iodine. This is because iodine is a powerful astringent and antiseptic that the coral can absorb from the water to prevent or eliminate disease.
Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS)
Due to the isolated location of Hawaiʻi, AIS can pose a serious threat to native ecosystems. AIS are species that are introduced into an environment that outcompete native species, leading to a decline in overall species diversity and ecosystem function. During quarantine, any AIS found are removed and reported to the DAR Aquatic Invasive Species team. On O‘ahu, the most common AIS that threaten corals are invasive algae, such as Gorilla Ogo (Gracilaria salicornia) and Smothering Seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma spp.). These invasive algae can outcompete corals for space due to their rapid growth rate.
Micropredators
There are many animals that naturally eat coral in the Hawaiian coral reef ecosystem. Most commonly found are different species of nudibranchs (sea slugs) which eat corals in the Genus Porites, the Montipora-eating flatworm, and corallivorous snails that prey on a variety of coral species.
To get rid of micropredators, HCRN staff conduct daily health assessment checks, including manual removal of these organisms. Once the coral has been free of disease, AIS, and micropredators for at least 30 days, it can then undergo the fast-growth process.
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- A diseased coral before and after treatment
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- A quarantined coral with an invasive sponge
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- A coral with nudibranch predators
A coral colony is made up of thousands of small, individual animals called coral polyps, as well as a calcium carbonate skeleton. As a polyp grows, it can divide through asexual reproduction to produce coral polyps that are genetic clones of itself. When a piece of coral is cut or broken in half in the wild, the row of polyps along the freshly-exposed edges begin to grow a new row of coral polyps along the surface, which then begin to grow another new row of coral polyps. By taking advantage of this natural method of asexual reproduction and outward growth, the HCRN can grow large corals much faster through a process called microfragmentation.
HCRN staff use a specially-designed diamond blade band saw to cut a coral colony into 1 cm x 1 cm square pieces (microfragments) which creates more edges for new tissue growth and increases the surface area to volume ratio. If a 10 cm x 1 cm coral is cut into 100 microfragments, each 1 cm x 1 cm, the coral now has a total perimeter of 400 cm for new tissue growth to occur. After the coral is microfragmented, coral-safe superglue is used to attach fragments onto cured concrete pyramid modules made at the nursery.
The coral module is placed in a specialized aquarium (“grow-out tanks”) to complete the fast-growth process. Using these concrete modules as a base, microfragments have an initial surface they can grow onto. All the microfragments on the module are from the same source material (i.e. the same genotype), so as they grow across the surface of the concrete module and meet up with their neighboring microfragments, they will fuse to form one large adult colony.
In the grow-out tanks, all aspects of the environment are controlled to create optimal growth conditions. Water temperature and flow, salinity, essential minerals, light, and coral food are a few things the HCRN can modify to aid coral growth. The HCRN’s professional team of aquarists check on the health of the corals to ensure tank conditions remain optimal and take quick action if issues arise. The process is photo documented and entered into the HCRN database to maintain a chain-of-custody for every coral module grown.
Once the concrete module is completely covered in coral tissue, it is almost ready to be outplanted onto a natural reef. The fast-growth environment at the HCRN is very different from the natural reef environment, so colonies are acclimated to the specific conditions found at the target restoration site. Coral outplants are re-introduced to natural sunlight, photoperiod, water quality parameters, and restoration site temperatures in outdoor acclimation tanks for at least 30 days before they are ready for life in the ocean. The entire process is photo documented and entered into the HCRN database to maintain a chain-of-custody for every coral module grown at the HCRN.
During the outplanting phase, HCRN staff secure coral modules onto the reef in target restoration areas. A baseline assessment is completed at the outplant site before outplanting modules, which provides information necessary to determine whether the target site is appropriate for coral restoration, including which coral species should be outplanted.
During the baseline assessment, natural corals growing adjacent to the outplanting site are selected as reference control corals. These control corals are used to compare coral health and growth between areas containing naturally occurring coral colonies and outplanted modules to analyze long-term restoration outcomes. Over time, the outplanted coral will begin to blend into the natural environment, both in terms of color as well as profile appearance.
To prepare the site to receive a new coral, HCRN staff clear algae and sediment off the substrate where the coral module will be attached. Divers attach the coral to the reef using a two-part marine grade epoxy placed on the underside of the concrete module. Outplanting is usually performed during fall, winter, and spring to allow the outplanted coral to acclimate to life in the ocean before experiencing the warm water temperatures of summer. During summer, ocean temperatures in Hawaiʻi typically rise over 80°F, and even warmer temperatures could induce bleaching on a recently outplanted coral that has not yet fully acclimated to its new environment. The entire outplanting process is photo documented and entered into the HCRN database to maintain a chain-of-custody for every coral outplanted by the HCRN.
The HCRN routinely monitors outplanted coral colonies to ensure optimal health, survival, and growth. Outplants are monitored very frequently in the first three months after the outplanting event, and then gradually less frequently as the coral becomes a permanent part of the ecosystem at the outplant site.
HCRN staff look for these key indicators of coral health when monitoring corals:
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- Size and growth of the outplant, including new coral growth
- Any presence and degree of outplant tissue paling or bleaching
- Any presence and degree of outplant tissue death
- Any presence of any known coral disease
- Any indication of corallivores present
- Any presence of aquatic invasive species
- Any presence of competitors directly affecting coral health and growth
- Any impacts of sedimentation
- Obvious breakage of coral colony or outplant structure
These monitoring sessions are photo documented and entered into the HCRN database to maintain a chain-of-custody for every coral outplanted by the HCRN.
The HCRN holds the Rare Hawaiian Coral Ark, a collection of living coral colonies of rare, uncommon, and endemic Hawaiian coral species. Coral species naturally exist at differing levels of rarity, and the rarer species are more vulnerable to potential impacts to their populations, which may result in extinction. Approximately 25% of the coral species in Hawaiʻi are endemic, meaning they only exist within the Hawaiian Islands. With no replacement pool outside of Hawaiʻi, it is imperative to protect these endemic species, some of which are restricted to a single bay or a single reef throughout the Hawaiian Islands. A wide range of endemic fish and invertebrates have coevolved with Hawaiian endemic and rare corals and have come to rely on the presence of these corals, so an event that causes the extinction of the coral may have cascading effects. The HCRN maintains living specimens of native and endemic coral species as insurance against catastrophic events (e.g., wide-scale bleaching) that could threaten or cause extinction of endemic or rare native species. The HCRN actively collaborates with the Maui Ocean Center to maintain and expand this Ark.
The importance of the Rare Hawaiian Coral Ark has been demonstrated with the restoration of a rare endemic Hawaiian species on the island of O‘ahu. In anticipation of a 2015 summer bleaching event, the HCRN collected multiple small pieces of Knobby Finger Coral (Porites duerdeni), an endemic species that has only been found within Kāneʻohe Bay on O‘ahu. Unusually high water temperatures during the summer of 2015 caused mass coral bleaching and mortality across the state, and remaining living colonies of P. duerdeni could not be found in the Bay. Due to the proactive response by the HCRN, the only known living specimens were located in the Ark. When it was determined that this species could be locally extirpated or possibly extinct, staff microfragmented pieces of coral previously collected, grew them on small modules, and in early 2019 outplanted these modules back into their native Kāneʻohe Bay. This was the first known reintroduction of a possibly extirpated coral species into its native habitat. Four years later, the outplants are healthy and continue to grow.
Corals in the Rare Hawaiian Coral Ark
| Acroporidae: |
Acropora sp., Anacropora sp., Montipora dilatata*, Montipora flabellata*, Montipora patula*, Montipora studeri |
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Agariciidae: |
Gardineroseris planulata, Leptoseris foliosa, Leptoseris hawaiiensis, Leptoseris incrustans, Leptoseris mycetoseroides, Leptoseris papyracea, Leptoseris scabra, Leptoseris tubulifera*, Pavona maldivensis |
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Dendrophylliidae: |
Cladopsammia eguchii, Tubastraea coccinea, Tubastraea diaphana, Rhizopsammia verrilli |
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Faviidae: |
Cyphastrea agassizi, Cyphastrea ocellina, Leptastrea bewickensis, Leptastrea transversa, Leptastrea pruinosa |
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Fungiidae: |
Cycloseris sp. (red)*, Cycloseris vaughani, Diaseris fragilis, Diaseris distorta, Fungia (Lobactis) granulosa |
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Pocilloporidae: |
Pocillopora ligulata*, Pocillopora molokensis* |
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Poritidae: |
Porites cf. annae, Porites compressa*, Porites duerdeni*, Porites evermanni*, Porites hawaiiensis*, Porites cf. lichen, Porites monticulosa, Porites rus, Porites solida |
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Siderastreidae: |
Coscinaraea wellsi, Psammocora explanulata, Psammocora profundacella, Psammocora nierstraszi, Psammocora stellata, Psammocora verrilli* |
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Soft Corals & other: |
Sarcothelia edmondsoni*, Sinularia molokensis*, Clavularia sp., Heteractis malu |
*Asterisks denote endemic species.
We are a small team with specialized and diverse backgrounds who are dedicated to restoring coral reefs in Hawai‘i.
Christina Jayne, Coral Nursery Curator
Christina Jayne earned a B.S. and M.Sc. in Marine Biology from Scripps Institution of Oceanography at University of California San Diego. She has worked professionally with corals and marine aquaria since 2010 and has been with the Nursery since 2018. As the Nursery’s Curator, she oversees coral husbandry operations, restoration projects, and husbandry staff.
Norton Chan, Coral Restoration Specialist
Norton Chan earned a B.A. in Zoology from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa and has been with the Nursery since 2015. He was previously a professional Aquarist for over 20 years at the Waikīkī Aquarium where he worked with various fishes, invertebrates, and corals from Hawaiʻi and the Indo-Pacific. Norton oversees coral husbandry in the coral module grow-out rooms, field operations, and facility maintenance.
Taylor Engle, Coral Restoration Specialist
Taylor Engle earned a B.A. in Biology from the University of Northern Iowa and started working in public aquariums in 2015. He has been with the Nursery since 2019 and oversees coral husbandry in the coral module grow-out rooms, water quality, and crustose coralline algae cultivation.
Samara Neufeld, Coral Restoration Technician
Samara Neufeld earned a B.S. in Marine Biology with a minor in Sustainability from Florida Institute of Technology, and a M.P.S. in Marine Conservation from the University of Miami’s RSMAS. She has been with the Nursery since 2021 and has focused primarily on the husbandry of fast-growth coral modules and field work operations, alongside serving as Volunteer Coordinator and managing the DAR Coral Restoration social media pages and website.
Helene Meehl, Coral Restoration Technician
Helene Meehl earned a B.A. in Biology from the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa. She was previously an aquarist at the Waikiki Aquarium and Sea Life Park, where she worked with fish, shark, rays, sea turtles and marine invertebrates from Hawai’i and the Indo-Pacific. She has been with the Nursery since March 2024 and focuses on the husbandry of fast-growth coral modules.
Nicolo Cohen, Coral Restoration Technician
Nicolo Cohen earned a B.S. in Marine Biology with a concentration in Conservation from the University of North Carolina Wilmington. While in school he was able to work in Dr. Fogarty’s REEF Lab, which studied ex-situ coral reproduction and early life stage development of Caribbean coral species. He joined the Nursery in March of 2024 and mainly works in the coral module grow-out rooms.
Andy Kramer, Coral Restoration Technician
Andy Kramer earned a B.S. in Marine Science and Biology from the University of Tampa, studying seagrass and coral reef ecology and ecosystem services. He was previously a coral biologist at SeaWorld Orlando, and joined the Nursery staff in April 2024. He focuses on quarantine of collected corals and husbandry of corals in the grow-out rooms.
Sydney Lewandowski, Junior Coral Restoration Technician
Sydney Lewandowski earned a B.S. in Natural Resources and Environmental Management with a specialization in Coastal Resource Management from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. She started off as a volunteer for the Nursery before joining the staff as a Junior Technician in the beginning of 2023. She focuses mainly on the husbandry of fast-growth coral modules within the grow-out rooms.
Noah Kirsch, Intermittent Junior Coral Restoration Technician
Noah Kirsch will graduate with a B.S. in Marine Biology from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in the Spring of 2024. He began volunteering at the nursery before joining the staff as an intermittent Junior Technician. He helps with various tasks at the nursery including coral husbandry and facility maintenance