Kauaʻi ʻAmakihi
Names
- Ōlelo Hawaiʻi: Kauaʻi ʻAmakihi
- Scientific: Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri, Hemignathus kauaiensis
Song
Conservation Status
- State Recognized as Endemic
- NatureServe Heritage Rank G3—Vulnerable
- IUCN Red List Ranking—Vulnerable
Species Information
The Kaua‘i ‘amakihi is a small, generalist Hawaiian honeycreeper (Family: Fringillidae) endemic to the island of Kaua‘i. Until 1995, the Kaua‘i ‘amakihi, Hawai‘i (C. virens), and O‘ahu ‘amakihi (C. flava) were considered a single species: common amakihi (C. virens). The plumage of all species is similar; males are yellow-green to olive with black lores. Females are generally similar, but duller. All have decurved bills. The Kaua‘i ‘amakihi is the dullest of the three species, is larger and has a longer, heavier and more decurved bill than the other species. They glean arthropods from branches and trunks as well as leaves, often hanging upside down to examine the underside of branches. Also explores bark crevices for food items, pierces the bases of ‘ōhi‘a (Metrosideros polymorpha) flowers for nectar, and feeds on the fruit of native and non-native plants. Males display (i.e., rapidly move around the female and sing), chase, and feed females prior to breeding. Both sexes build the nest, typically in a nonblooming ‘ōhi‘a tree, although the female does most of the construction while the male sings in adjacent trees. Females incubate a clutch of three eggs and brood nestlings at night and during inclement weather. Both parents feed chicks. Young birds are accomplished fliers. No information on post-fledgling (after learning to fly) behavior or parental dependency. Although weather has been associated with nest failure, nest success is high.
Distribution
Occurs above 600 meters (2,000 feet) in the forests of Waimea Canyon, Nā Pali Plateau, the Alaka‘i Swamp, and Makaleha Mountains. Original range likely included all forested areas of Kaua‘i.
Habitat
Wet and mesic montane forests above 600 meters (2,000 feet) dominated by ‘ōhi‘a, koa (Acacia koa), ‘ōlapa (Cheirodendron trigynum), and lapalapa (C. platyphyllum). At lower elevations where the species historically occurred, native habitats are severely degraded. Although public hunting reduces the number of feral ungulates in accessible areas of the species’ range, it is not effective in preventing habitat degradation. Occupied habitats above Waimea Canyon, in and west of the Alaka‘i Swamp, are managed by the State of Hawai‘i.
Threats
Although populations appear stable, they are likely susceptible to the same factors that threaten other native Hawaiian forest birds, including habitat loss and degradation, predation by introduced mammals, and disease
Plans & Projects
Additional Resources
For more information and references visit the DLNR State Wildlife Action Plan factsheets. DOFAWʻs species pages and State Wildlife Action Plan fact sheets are provided for general information and are not meant to be a citable, original source of data. If you are a student, researcher, or writer looking for a citable source, please explore the references below or find other original data sources, rather than citing these webpages. The references below were provided by the authors of the State Wildlife Action Plan fact sheets at the time of drafting:
- Camp, RJ and PM Gorresen. 2011. Design of forest bird monitoring for strategic habitat conservation on Kaua‘i Island, Hawai‘i. Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit Technical Report HCSU-022. University of Hawai‘i at Hilo.
- Foster JT, Tweed EJ, Camp RJ, Woodworth BL, Adler CD, Telfer T. 2004. Long-term population changes of native and introduced birds in the Alaka‘i swamp, Kaua‘i. Conservation Biology 18:716-725.
- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. Version 2014.3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed May 2015).
- Lindsey GD, VanderWerf EA, Baker H, Baker PE. 1998. Hawai‘i (Hemignathus virens), Kaua‘i (Hemignathus kauaiensis), O‘ahu (Hemignathus chloris) and greater ‘amakihi (Hemignathus sagittirostris). In The Birds of North America, No. 360 (Poole A, Gill F, editors.). Philadelphia, (PA): The Academy of Natural Sciences; and Washington DC: The American Ornithologists’ Union.
- Scott JM, Mountainspring S, Ramsey FL, Kepler CB. 1986. Forest bird communities of the Hawaiian islands: their dynamics, ecology and conservation. Lawrence, (KS): Cooper Ornithological Society.
Photos
PC: Lainie Berry
PC: Jeremy Russell